lx8585-xx / LX858A-XX p roduction d ata s heet microsemi integrated products division 11861 western avenue, garden grove, ca. 92841, 714-898-8121, fax: 714-893-2570 page 1 copyright ? 1997 rev. 2.2a, 2005-11-10 www. microsemi . com 4.6a low dropout po sitive regulators tm ? description the lx8585/85a series ics are low dropout three-terminal regulators with a minimum of 4.6a output current. pentium ? processor and power pctm applications requiring fast transient response are ideally suited for this product family. the lx8585a is guaranteed to have < 1.2v at 4.6a, while the lx8585 are specified for 1.4v, making them ideal to provide well regulated outputs of 2.5v to 3.6v using a 5v input supply. fixed versions are also available and specified in the available options table below. current limit is trimmed above 4.6a to ensure adequate output current and controlled short-circuit current. on-chip thermal limiting provides protection against any possible overload that would create excessive junction temperatures. the lx8585/85a family is available in both through-hole and surface-mount versions of the industry standard 3-pin to-220 / to-263 power packages. the lx1431 programmable reference and lx8585a series products offer precision output voltage and are ideal for use in vre applications (see application below). for higher current applications, see the lx8584 data sheet. important: for the most current data, consult microsemi ?s website: http://www.microsemi.com product highlight part part t he a pplication of the lx8585a & lx1431 in a 75 & 166 mh z p54c p rocessors u sing 5v c ache p load 100 f x 6 10v avx type tps 1 f x 10 smd 1k 0.1% 2.84k 0.1% col v + v + v + sgnd fgnd ref lx1431 v in v out adj 1k 1k 0.01 f 2x 330 f, 6.3v low esr oscon type from sanyo 2 3 1 6 5 8 1 3 0.1 f 50v 220 f 10v low esr from sanyo 5v place in p socket cavity lx8585a 2 250pf 21k 1% jp1 v o 4.6a (see table below) v out jp1 typical application 3.50 short 120 / 166mhz, vre, 5v cache 3.38 open 75/90/100/133m hz, stnd, 5v cache thick traces represent high cu rrent traces which must be low resistance / low inductance traces in order to achi eve good transient response. key features ? three terminal adjustable or fixed output ? guaranteed < 1.2v headroom @ 4.6a (lx8585a) ? guaranteed < 1.4v headroom @ 4.6a (lx8585) ? guaranteed < 1.3v headroom @ 3a ? output current of 4.6a minimum ? fast transient response ? 1% voltage reference initial accuracy ? output short circuit protection ? built-in thermal shutdown applications ? pentium processor supplies ? power pc supplies ? microprocessor supplies ? low voltage logic supplies ? battery powered circuit ? post regulator for switching supply ? cyrix? 6x86? supplies ? amd-k5? supplies available options per part number part # output voltage lx8585/85a-00 adjustable lx8585/85a-15 1.5v lx8585/85a-33 3.3v other voltage options may be available. please contact factory for details. package order info p plastic to-220 3-pin dd plastic to-263 3-pin t a ( c) dropout voltage rohs compliant transition dc: 0543 rohs compliant transition dc: 0535 1.4v lx8585-xxcp lx8585-xxcdd 0 to 125 1.2v lx8585a-xxcp lx8585a-xxcdd note: available in tape & reel. append the letter s ?tr? to the part number . (i.e. lx8585-15cdd-tr) l l x x 8 8 5 5 8 8 5 5
lx8585-xx / LX858A-XX p roduction d ata s heet microsemi integrated products division 11861 western avenue, garden grove, ca. 92841, 714-898-8121, fax: 714-893-2570 page 2 copyright ? 1997 rev. 2.2a, 2005-11-10 www. microsemi . com 4.6a low dropout po sitive regulators tm ? absolute maximum ratings power dissipation ....................................................................................i nternally limited input volt age .................................................................................................................1 0v input to output volta ge differen tial..............................................................................10v maximum operating junc tion temper ature .............................................................. 150 c storage temperat ure rang e.........................................................................-65 c to 150 c peak package temp. for solder reflow (40 seconds max. e xposure)............ 260 c (+0 -5) note: exceeding these ratings could cause damage to the device. all voltages are with respect to ground. currents are positive into, negative out of specified terminal . thermal data p plasticto-220 3-pin thermal resistance - junction to t ab , jt 3.0 c/w thermal resistance - junction to a mbient , ja 60 c/w dd plastic to-263 3-pin thermal resistance - junction to t ab , jt 3.0 c/w thermal resistance - junction to a mbient , ja 60 c/w junction temperature calculation: t j = t a + (p d x ja ). the ja numbers are guidelines for the thermal performan ce of the device/pc-board system. all of the above assume no ambient airflow. package pin out 1 2 3 tab is gnd v out v in adj/gnd* p p ackage (top view) 1 adj / gnd* v out v in 2 3 tab is gnd dd p ackage (top view) * pin 1 is gnd for fixed voltage versions rohs 100% matte tin lead finish p p a a c c k k a a g g e e d d a a t t a a
lx8585-xx / LX858A-XX p roduction d ata s heet microsemi integrated products division 11861 western avenue, garden grove, ca. 92841, 714-898-8121, fax: 714-893-2570 page 3 copyright ? 1997 rev. 2.2a, 2005-11-10 www. microsemi . com 4.6a low dropout po sitive regulators tm ? electrical characteristics unless otherwise specified, the following specificati ons apply over the operat ing ambient temperature 0 c t a 70 c except where otherwise noted and the following test conditions:. lx8585/85a parameter symbol test conditions min typ max units ` lx8585-00 / 8585a-00 (adjustable) i out = 10ma, t a = 25c 1.238 1.250 1.262 reference voltage v ref 10ma < i out < 4.6a, 1.5v < (v in ? v out ), v in < 7v, p < p max 1.225 1.250 1.275 v line regulation (note 2) ? v ref (v in ) i out = 10ma, 1.5v < (v in ? v out ), v in < 7v 0.035 0.20 % load regulation (note 2) v ref (i out ) v in ? v out = 3v, 10ma < i out < 4.6v 0.1 0.5 % thermal regulation ? v out (pwr) t a = 25c, 20ms pulse 0.01 0.02 %/w ripple rejection (note 3) v out = 3.3v, f = 120hz, c out = 100f tantalum, v in = 5v, c adj = 10f, t a = 25c, i out = 4.6v 60 83 db adjust pin current i adj 55 100 a adjust pin current change ? i adj 10ma < i out < 4.6a, 1.5v < (v in ? v out ), v in < 7v 0.2 5 a ? v ref = 1%, i out = 4.6a 1.2 1.4 lx8585 ? v ref = 1%, i out = 3a 1.1 1.3 dropout voltage lx8585a ? v ? v ref = 1%, i out = 4.6a 1.1 1.2 v minimum load current i out(min) v in < 7v 2 10 ma maximum output current (note 4) i out(max) 1.4v < (v in ? v out ), v in < 7v 4.6 6 a temperature stability (note 3) ? v out (t) 0.25 % long term stability (note 3) ? v out (t) t a = 125c, 1000hrs 0.3 1 % rms output noise (% of v out )(note 3) v out(rms) t a = 125c, 10hz < f < 10khz 0.003 % ` lx8585-15 / 8585a-15 (1.5v fixed) v in = 5v, i out = 0ma, t a = 25c 1.485 1.50 1.515 output voltage (note 4) v out 4.75 < v in < 10v, 0ma < i out < 7a, t a = 25c, p < p max 1.470 1.50 1.530 v 4.75 < v in < 7v 1 3 mv line regulation (note 2) ? v out (v in ) 4.75v < v in < 10v 1 5 load regulation (note 2) ? v out (i out ) v in = 5v, 10ma < i out < i out(max) 2.5 7 mv thermal regulation (note 3) ? v out (pwr) t a = 25c, 20ms pulse 0.01 0.02 % / w ripple rejection (note 3) c out = 100f (tantalum), i out = 4.6a, t a = 25c 65 83 db quiescent current i q 0ma < i out < i out(max) , 4.75v < v in < 10v 4 10 ma ? v out = 1%, i out < i out(max) , v in - v out < 7v 1.2 1.4 lx8585-15 ? v out = 1%, i out < 3a, v in - v out < 7v 1.1 1.3 dropout voltage lx8585a-15 ? v ? v out = 1%, i out < i out(max) , v in - v out < 7v 1.1 1.2 v temperature stability (note 3) ? v out (t) 0.25 % long term stability (note 3) ? v out (t) t a = 125c, 1000hrs 0.3 1 % rms output noise (% of v out )(note 3) v out(rms) t a = 25c, 10hz < f < 10khz 0.003 % note 2: regulation is measured at consta nt junction temperature, using pulse testing with a low duty cycle. changes in output voltage due to heating effects are covered under the speci fication for thermal regulations. note 3: these parameters, although gua ranteed, are not tested in production. note 4: i out(max) is measured under the condition that v out is forced below its nominal value by 100mv. e e l l e e c c t t r r i i c c a a l l s s
lx8585-xx / LX858A-XX p roduction d ata s heet microsemi integrated products division 11861 western avenue, garden grove, ca. 92841, 714-898-8121, fax: 714-893-2570 page 4 copyright ? 1997 rev. 2.2a, 2005-11-10 www. microsemi . com 4.6a low dropout po sitive regulators tm ? application circuits lx8585/85a out in adj 150 f v in r2 365 1% 10f r1 121 1% c1 10f* * c1 improves ripple rejection. x c should be r1 at ripple frequency. v out 5v (note a) figure 1 ? improving ripple rejection lx8585/85a out in adj v out ** v in r1 121 r2 1k c1* 10f needed if device is far from filter capacitors. ** v out = 1.25v 1 + c2 100f r2 r1 (note a) figure 2 ? 1.2v ? 8v adjustable regulator (note a) lx8585/85a out in adj 5v v in 121 1% 10f 100f 365 1% 1k 1k 2n3904 ttl output figure 3 ? 5v regulator with shutdown 3.3v v in 10f tantalum or 100f aluminum min. 15f tantalum or 100f aluminum capacitor. may be increased without limit. esr must be less than 50m . lx8585-33/85a-33 out in gnd figure 4 ? fixed 3.3v output regulator note a: v in(min) = (intended v out ) + (v dropout(max) ) a a p p p p l l i i c c a a t t i i o o n n s s
lx8585-xx / LX858A-XX p roduction d ata s heet microsemi integrated products division 11861 western avenue, garden grove, ca. 92841, 714-898-8121, fax: 714-893-2570 page 5 copyright ? 1997 rev. 2.2a, 2005-11-10 www. microsemi . com 4.6a low dropout po sitive regulators tm ? application note the lx8585/85a series ics are easy to use low-dropout (ldo) voltage regulators. they ha ve all of the standard self- protection features expected of a voltage regulator: short circuit protection, safe operating area protection and automatic thermal shutdown if the device temperat ure rises above approximately 165c. use of an output capacitor is required with the lx8585/85a series. please see the table below for recommended minimum capacitor values. these regulators offer a more tight ly controlled reference voltage tolerance and superior reference stability when measured against the older pin-compatible regulat or types that they replace. stability the output capacitor is part of the regulator?s frequency compensation system. many types of capacitors are available, with different capacitance value tolerances, capacitance temperature coefficients, and equivalent series impedances. for all operating conditions, connection of a 220 f aluminum electr olytic capacitor or a 47 f solid tantalum capacitor between the output terminal and ground will guarantee stable operation. if a bypass capacitor is connected between the output voltage adjust (adj) pin and ground, ripple rejection will be improved (please see the section entitled ? ripple rejection ?). when adj pin bypassing is used, the required output capacitor value increases. output capacitor values of 220 f (aluminum) or 47 f (tantalum) provide for all cases of bypassing the adj pin. if an adj pin bypass capacitor is not used, smaller output capacitor values are adequate. the table below shows recommended minimum capacitance values for stable operation input output adj 10f 15f tantalum, 100f aluminum none 10f 47f tantalum, 220f aluminum 15f to ensure good transient respons e from the power supply system under rapidly changing current load conditions, designers generally use several ou tput capacitors connected in parallel. such an arrangement serves to minimize the effects of the parasitic resistance (esr) and inductance (esl) that are present in all capacitors. cost effective solutions that sufficiently limit esr and esl effects generally result in total capacitance values in the range of hundreds to thousands of microfarads, which is more than adequate to meet regulator output capacitor specifications. output capacitance values may be increased w ithout limit. the circuit shown in figure 5 can be used to observe the transient response characteristics of the regulator in a power system under changing loads. the effects of different capacitor types and values on transient response parameters, such as overshoot and undershoot, can be compared quickly in order to develop an optimum solution. lx8585/85a power supply out in adj star ground 1 sec 10ms r dson << r l full load (smaller resistor) minumum load (larger resistor) figure 5 ? dynamic input & output test overload recovery like almost all ic power regul ators, the lx8585/85a regulators are equipped with safe operat ing area (soa) protection. the soa circuit limits the regulator 's maximum output current to progressively lower values as the input-to-output voltage difference increases. by limiting the maximum output current, the soa circuit keeps the amount of pow er that is dissipated in the regulator itself within safe limits for all values of input-to-output voltage within the operating range of the regulator. the lx8585/85a soa protection system is designed to be able to supply some output current for all values of input-to-output voltage, up to the device breakdown voltage. under some conditions, a correctly operating soa circuit may prevent a power supply system from returning to regulated operation after removal of an intermittent short circuit at the output of the regulator. this is a normal mode of operation which can be seen in most similar produ cts, including older devices such as 7800 series regulators. it is most likely to occur when the power system input voltage is relatively high and the load impedance is relatively low. when the power system is star ted ?cold?, both the input and output voltages are very close to zero. the output voltage closely follows the rising input voltage , and the input-to-output voltage difference is small. the soa circuit therefore permits the regulator to supply large amounts of current as needed to develop the designed voltage level at the regulator output. now consider the case where the regulator is supplying regulated voltage to a resistive load under steady state conditions. a moderate input-to-output voltage appears across the regulator but the voltage difference is sm all enough that the soa circuitry allows sufficient current to flow through the regulator to develop the designed output voltage acro ss the load resistance. if the output resistor is short circui ted to ground, the input-to-output voltage difference across the regul ator suddenly becomes larger by the amount of voltage that had appeared across the load resistor. the soa circuit reads the increased input-to-output voltage, and cuts back the amount of current that it will permit the regulator to supply to its output terminal. when the short circuit across the output resistor is re moved, all the regulator output current will again flow through the output resistor. the maximum current that the regulator can supply to the resistor will be limited by the soa circuit, based on th e large input-to-output voltage across the regulator at the time the short circuit is removed from the output. a a p p p p l l i i c c a a t t i i o o n n s s
lx8585-xx / LX858A-XX p roduction d ata s heet microsemi integrated products division 11861 western avenue, garden grove, ca. 92841, 714-898-8121, fax: 714-893-2570 page 6 copyright ? 1997 rev. 2.2a, 2005-11-10 www. microsemi . com 4.6a low dropout po sitive regulators tm ? application note overload recovery (continued) if this limited current is not sufficient to develop the designed voltage across the output resistor, the voltage will stabilize at some lower value, and will never reach the designed value. under these circumstances, it may be necessa ry to cycle the input voltage down to zero in order to make the regulator output voltage return to regulation. ripple rejection ripple rejection can be improv ed by connecting a capacitor between the adj pin and ground. the value of the capacitor should be chosen so that the impe dance of the capacitor is equal in magnitude to the resistance of r1 at the ripple frequency . the capacitor value can be determined by using this equation: c = 1 / (6.28 * f r * r1) where: c the value of the capacitor in farads; select an equal or larger standard value. f r ? the ripple frequency in hz r1 ? the value of resistor r1 in ohms at a ripple frequency of 120hz, with r1 = 100 : c = 1 / (6.28 * 120hz * 100 ) = 13.3 f the closest equal or larger standa rd value should be used, in this case, 15 f. when an adj pin bypass capacitor is used, output ripple amplitude will be essentially independent of the output voltage. if an adj pin bypass capacitor is not used, output ripple will be proportional to the ratio of the output voltage to the reference voltage: m = v out /v ref where: m a multiplier for the ripple seen when the adj pin is optimally bypassed. v ref = 1.25v. for example, if v out = 2.5v the output ripple will be: m = 2.5v/1.25v= 2 output ripple will be twice as ba d as it would be if the adj pin were to be bypassed to ground wi th a properly selected capacitor. output voltage the lx8585/85a ics develop a 1.25v reference voltage between the output and the adjust terminal (see figure 6). by placing a resistor, r1, between these two terminals, a constant current is caused to flow through r1 and down through r2 to set the overall output voltage. normally this current is the specified minimum load current of 10ma. because i adj is very small and constant when compared with the current through r1, it represents a small error and can usually be ignored. lx8585/85a out in adj v out v in r1 r2 v ref i adj 50a v out = v ref 1 + + i adj r2 r2 r1 figure 6 ? basic adjustable regulator load regulation because the lx8585/85a regulators are three-terminal devices, it is not possible to provide true remote load sensing. load regulation will be limited by the resistance of the wire connecting the regulator to the load. the data sheet specification for load regulation is measured at the bottom of the package. negative side sensing is a true kelvin connection, with the bottom of the output divider returned to the ne gative side of the load. although it may not be immediately obvi ous, best load regulation is obtained when the top of the resistor divider, (r1), is connected directly to the case of the regulator, not to the load . this is illustrated in figure 7. if r1 were connected to the load, the effective resistance between the regulator and the load would be: ? ? ? ? ? ? + = r1 r1 r2 * r r p peff where: r p actual parasitic line resistance. when the circuit is connected as shown in figure 7, the parasitic resistance appears as its actual value, rather than the higher r peff lx8585/85a out in adj v in r1 r2 r l r p parasitic line resistance connect r1 to case of regulator connect r2 to load figure 7 ? connections for best load regulation a a p p p p l l i i c c a a t t i i o o n n s s
lx8585-xx / LX858A-XX p roduction d ata s heet microsemi integrated products division 11861 western avenue, garden grove, ca. 92841, 714-898-8121, fax: 714-893-2570 page 7 copyright ? 1997 rev. 2.2a, 2005-11-10 www. microsemi . com 4.6a low dropout po sitive regulators tm ? application note load regulation (continued) even when the circuit is configured optimally, parasitic resistance can be a significant source of error. a 100 mil (2.54 mm) wide pc trace built from 1 oz. copper-clad circuit board material has a parasitic resistance of about 5 milliohms per inch of its length at room temperature. if a 3-terminal regulator used to supply 2.50 volts is connected by 2 inches of this trace to a load which draws 5 amps of current, a 50 millivolt drop will appear between the regulator and the load. even when the regulator output voltage is precisely 2.50 volts, the load will only see 2.45 volts, which is a 2% error. it is important to keep the connection between the regulator output pin a nd the load as short as possible, and to use wide traces or heavy-gauge wire. the minimum specified output capacitance for the regulator should be located near the regulato r package. if several capacitors are used in parallel to construct the power system output capacitance, any capacitors beyond the minimum needed to meet the specified requirements of the regulator should be located near the sections of the load that require rapidly-changing amounts of current. placing capacitors near the sources of load transients will help ensure that power system tr ansient response is not impaired by the effects of trace impedance. to maintain good load regulation, wide traces should be used on the input side of the regulator, especially between the input capacitors and the regulator. input capacitor esr must be small enough that the voltage at the input pin does not drop below v in (min) during transients. v in (min) = v out + v dropout (max) where: v in (min) the lowest allowable instantaneous voltage at the input pin. v out the designed output voltage for the power supply system. v dropout (max) the specified dropout voltage for the installed regulator. thermal considerations the lx8585/85a regulators have internal power and thermal limiting circuitry designed to protect each device under overload conditions. for continuous normal load conditions, however, maximum junction temperature ratings must not be exceeded. it is important to give careful consideration to all sources of thermal resistance from junction to ambient. this includes junction to case, case to heat sink interface, and heat sink thermal resistance itself. junction-to-case thermal resistance is specified from the ic junction to the back surface of the case directly opposite the die. this is the lowest resistance path for heat flow. proper mounting is required to ensure the best possible thermal flow from this area of the package to the heat sink. thermal compound at the case-to heat-sink interface is strongly recommended. if the case of the device must be electrically isol ated, a thermally conductive spacer can be used, as long as its added contribution to thermal resistance is considered. note that the case of all devices in this series is electrically connected to the output. example given: v in = 5v v out = 2.8v, i out = 5.0a ambient temp. t a = 50c r jt = 2.7c/w for to-220 300 ft/min airflow available find: proper heat sink to keep ic?s junction temperature below 125c.** solution: the junction temperature is: t j = p d (r jt + r cs + r sa ) + t a where: p d dissipated power r jt thermal resistance from the junction to the mounting tab of the package r cs thermal resistance through the interface between the ic and the surface on which it is mounted. (1.0c/w at 6 in-lbs mounting screw torque). r sa thermal resistance from the mounting surface to ambient (thermal resistance of the heat sink). t s heat sink temperature. r jt r cs r sa t j t c t s t a first, find the maximum allowable thermal resistance of the heat sink: () c/w 3.1 c/w) 1.0 c/w (2.7 5.0a * 2.8v) (5.0v c 50 c 125 r 11.0w 5.0a * 2.8v) (5.0v i v v p ) r (r p t t r sa out out in(max) d cs jt d a j sa = + ? ? ? = = ? = ? = + ? ? = next, select a suitable heat sink. the selected heat sink must have r sa < 3.1c/w. thermalloy heatsink 6296b has r sa = 3.0c/w with 300ft/min airflow. finally, verify that junction temperature remains within specification using the selected heat sink: c 124 c 50 c/w) 3.0 c/w 1.0 c/w 11w(2.7 t j = + + + = **although the device can operate up to 150c junction, it is recommended for long term reliability to keep the junction temperature below 125c whenever possible. a a p p p p l l i i c c a a t t i i o o n n s s
lx8585-xx / LX858A-XX p roduction d ata s heet microsemi integrated products division 11861 western avenue, garden grove, ca. 92841, 714-898-8121, fax: 714-893-2570 page 8 copyright ? 1997 rev. 2.2a, 2005-11-10 www. microsemi . com 4.6a low dropout po sitive regulators tm ? package dimensions p 3-pin plastic to-220 a g f q b d h c j r k l n s t u 123 note: 1. dimensions do not include mold flash or protrusions; these shall not exceed 0.155mm(.006?) on any side. lead dimension shall not include solder coverage. m illimeters i nches dim min max min max a 14.22 15.88 0.560 0.625 b 9.65 10.67 0.380 0.420 c 3.56 4.83 0.140 0.190 d 0.51 1.14 0.020 0.045 f 3.53 4.09 0.139 0.161 g 2.54 bsc 0.100 bsc h 6.35 0.250 j 0.30 1.14 0.012 0.045 k 12.70 14.73 0.500 0.580 l 1.14 1.27 0.045 0.050 n 5.08 typ 0.200 typ q 2.54 3.05 0.100 0.120 r 2.03 2.92 0.080 0.115 s 1.14 1.40 0.045 0.055 t 5.84 6.86 0.230 0.270 u 0.508 1.14 0.020 0.045 m m e e c c h h a a n n i i c c a a l l s s
lx8585-xx / LX858A-XX p roduction d ata s heet microsemi integrated products division 11861 western avenue, garden grove, ca. 92841, 714-898-8121, fax: 714-893-2570 page 9 copyright ? 1997 rev. 2.2a, 2005-11-10 www. microsemi . com 4.6a low dropout po sitive regulators tm ? package dimensions dd 3-pin plastic to-263 a b k i f h c d 0 -8 m n j seating plane e g m illimeters i nches dim min max min max a 10.03 10.67 0.395 0.420 b 8.51 9.17 0.335 0.361 c 4.19 4.59 0.165 0.181 d 1.14 1.40 0.045 0.055 e 0.330 0.51 0.013 0.020 f 1.19 1.34 0.047 0.053 g 2.41 2.66 0.095 0.104 h 2.29 2.79 0.090 0.110 i ? 1.65 ? 0.065 j 0 0.25 0 0.010 k 14.60 15.87 0.575 0.625 m 7 7 n 3 3 note: 1. dimensions do not include mo ld flash or protrusions; these shall not exceed 0.155mm(.006?) on any side. lead dimension shall not include solder coverage. m m e e c c h h a a n n i i c c a a l l s s
lx8585-xx / LX858A-XX p roduction d ata s heet microsemi integrated products division 11861 western avenue, garden grove, ca. 92841, 714-898-8121, fax: 714-893-2570 page 10 copyright ? 1997 rev. 2.2a, 2005-11-10 www. microsemi . com 4.6a low dropout po sitive regulators tm ? notes production data ? information contained in this document is proprietary to microsemi and is current as of publication date. this document may not be modified in any way without the express written consent of microsemi. product processing does not necessarily include testing of all parameters. microsemi reserves the right to change the configuration and performance of the product and to discontinue product at any time. n n o o t t e e s s
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